Lessons on Friction & Collisions

Friction and collisions are concepts relevant to both ice hockey and figure skating. Consider the graph below, excerpted from a book by Schottenbauer Publishing:

Discussion Questions

1. How is air hockey similar to ice hockey? How is it different?
2. How is air hockey similar to ice skating? How is it different?
3. What happens when a hockey puck collides with a stick? 
4. How are the phenomena in this graph similar to collisions between an ice hockey puck and stick? How are they different?
5. What is the role of friction in ice skating? What does friction do to the motion of a hockey puck or a skater? 
6. How does this graph demonstrate friction?
7. How are the phenomena in this graph similar to friction experienced by an ice hockey puck? How are they different?
8. How are the phenomena in this graph similar to friction experienced by an ice skater? How are they different?

Additional sample graphs are available in a free pamphlet from the publisher's webpage.

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Comparing Ice Skating Equipment in the Lab

What types of measurements are ideal for understanding ice skating? Take a moment to write down a list of at least four types of data to collect and compare. What types of equipment are necessary to measure each type? What physics concepts are relevant?

Many types of interesting data are available for comparison in the book The Science of Ice Skating: Volume 1 (Extended Edition) from Schottenbauer Publishing. Data include position, velocity, acceleration, and force for the following equipment:

• Surface Types
• Ice
• Synthetic Ice
• Wet
• Dry
• Skate Types
• Bob Skates
• Child Double-Runner Skates
• Hockey Skates
• Youth
• Adult
• Figure Skates
• 2 Sizes
• 2 Types of Blades
• Blade Preparation
• Sharpened
• Unsharpened
• Skate Mass
• None
• Added 2.5 pounds of weight

Additional types of data include:

• Hockey Puck Motion
• Vertical Motions (Force)
• Stepping
• Jumping
• Skate Support for Ankles (Force)
• Ice Melting (Temperature)

Free sample graphs are available in a free pamphlet from the publisher's webpage.

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Graphing Spins: A New Video

A new video from Schottenbauer Publishing analyzes four spins with graphs. These include three forward spins (centered, centered with step out, and traveling), and a back spin (centered). The video is available on YouTube.

Two graphs from the video are shown below:

Discussion Questions

1. What body part is most likely traced in the video?
2. Using a ruler, estimate the center of each spin on its graph.
3. How many times does the skater revolve in the first graph? In the second graph?
4. What would a traveling spin look like on a graph?

Additional free graphs are available in a free pamphlet from the publisher's webpage. 

The following books from Schottenbauer Publishing contain similar types of graphs and data pertaining to the science of ice skating, figure skating, and hockey:

Graphs & Data for Science Lab: Multi-Volume Series

• The Science of Ice Skating 
• Volume 1: Translational Motion
• Volume 2: Rotational Motion (Curves)
• Volume 3: Rotational Motion (Spins)
• Volume 4: Jumps
• Volume 5: Ice Hockey
• Volume 6: Biophysics
• Volume 7: Video Analysis
• Volume 8: Reference Manual
• The Science of Hockey
• Volume 1: Force, Acceleration, & Video Analysis of Pucks & Balls
• Volume 2: Force & Acceleration of Sticks, plus Biophysics
• Volume 3: Video Analysis of Ice, Field, & Street Hockey Sticks

Anthologies of 28 Graphs

• The Science of Figure Skating
• The Science of Ice Hockey
• The Science of Winter Olympic Sports

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Skater in Motion: x-y Plots of Movement

In elementary school, math students learn the graph-reading skills. How often do these same students enjoy applying math to real-life data? In books from Schottenbauer Publishing, students have the opportunity to decode graphs showing movement during popular sports.

The graph below (Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved), excerpted from the book series Glide, Spin, & Jump: The Science of Ice Skating from Schottenbauer Publishing, shows an ice skater in forward motion.

Discussion Questions

1. What is the range of each variable in each graph? Include x, y, and t as variables in your analysis.
2. In this sample, which leg is used for pushing off? Which leg moves forward first? 
3. Use the information from the graph to draw the body in physical space, at a minimum of 4 time points.
4. Is the right knee ever in front of the right hip? Is the right ankle ever in front of the right knee or right hip? Describe the sequence of motion.
5. Is the left knee ever in front of the left hip? Is the left ankle ever in front of the left knee or left hip? Describe the sequence of motion.

Additional free graphs are available in a free pamphlet from the publisher's webpage. 

The following books from Schottenbauer Publishing contain similar types of graphs and data pertaining to the science of ice skating, figure skating, and hockey:

Graphs & Data for Science Lab: Multi-Volume Series

• The Science of Ice Skating 
• Volume 1: Translational Motion
• Volume 2: Rotational Motion (Curves)
• Volume 3: Rotational Motion (Spins)
• Volume 4: Jumps
• Volume 5: Ice Hockey
• Volume 6: Biophysics
• Volume 7: Video Analysis
• Volume 8: Reference Manual
• The Science of Hockey
• Volume 1: Force, Acceleration, & Video Analysis of Pucks & Balls
• Volume 2: Force & Acceleration of Sticks, plus Biophysics
• Volume 3: Video Analysis of Ice, Field, & Street Hockey Sticks

Anthologies of 28 Graphs

• The Science of Figure Skating
• The Science of Ice Hockey
• The Science of Winter Olympic Sports

In addition, the following books are suitable for younger children learning geometry:

Geometry Workbooks

• The Geometry of Figure Skating
• The Geometry of Winter Olympic Sports 

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Real Ice Skating Data from Child Double Runner Skates!

Easy access to the science of ice skating is provided by several book series from Schottenbauer Publishing! Books contain graphs, data, and diagrams of ice skating, figure skating, and hockey.

The graphs below are excerpted from Volume 1 of Glide, Spin, & Jump: The Science of Ice Skating, as well as a free pamphlet from the publisher. These graphs show a child's double-runner skate being pulled along a piece of real ice with a force meter, while position, velocity, and acceleration are measured by a motion detector from the back.

Discussion Questions

1. For each graph, describe the motion of the skate in words. 
2. How far does the skate travel in each graph?
3. What is the maximum force on the skate?
4. Is the force on the skate similar to the forces incurred during real skating?
5. From these two graphs, can you determine the mass of the skate?
6. How much physical work is occurs during the movement of the skate? 
7. In which graph is the friction greater?
8. Can the friction be calculated from these graphs?
9. How accurate are these graphs? What is the margin of error, if any?
10. Are these graphs relevant for real skaters? If so, how? 

Additional free graphs are available in a free pamphlet from the publisher's webpage. 

The following books from Schottenbauer Publishing contain similar types of graphs and data pertaining to the science of ice skating, figure skating, and hockey:

Graphs & Data for Science Lab: Multi-Volume Series

• The Science of Ice Skating, Vol. 1-8
• The Science of Hockey, Vol. 1-3

Anthologies of 28 Graphs

• The Science of Figure Skating
• The Science of Ice Hockey
• The Science of Winter Olympic Sports

In addition, the following books are suitable for younger children learning geometry:

Geometry Workbooks

• The Geometry of Figure Skating
• The Geometry of Winter Olympic Sports 

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Cool Figure Skating Move: Before and After Photos!

A new YouTube Video shows a cool figure skating move on synthetic ice. Here are the before and after photos! 

Let's think about the physics of this move. What happens in order for the skater to turn from one position to the other? How does the rotation begin? What stops the rotation? Watch the video on YouTube for more details!

Additional information on the science of ice skating is available on the Schottenbauer Publishing website. Books include the following:

Geometry Series

• The Geometry of Winter Olympic Sports
• The Geometry of Figure Skating

Graphs & Data for Science Lab (Book Series)

• The Science of Ice Skating
• The Science of Hockey

Anthologies of 28 Graphs

• The Science of Winter Olympic Sports
• The Science of Figure Skating
• The Science of Ice Hockey

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources

Ice Skate Comparison

Ice skates are not all the same! Two extremes are hockey and figure skates. Because hockey skates have a smooth, curved blade on the front and the back, they can feasibly be tilted almost to a right angle while still gliding across the ice! In comparison, the blade of a figure skate has grooved teeth on the front, and a flat back blade. These features prohibit tilting of the figure skates during gliding. 

What are the angles of maximum tilt for each of these skates?

Hockey Skate (Left) and Figure Skate (Right)

Two additional types of skates are shown below: bob skates and child double-runner skates. These skates are for children and are not traditionally sharpened, so they do not glide over the ice. How far could these skates rotate upwards to the front or back, before hitting the plastic or tipping over?  

Bob Skate

 Child Double-Runner Skate

Additional information on the science of ice skating is available on the Schottenbauer Publishing website. Books include the following:

Geometry Series

• The Geometry of Winter Olympic Sports
• The Geometry of Figure Skating

Graphs & Data for Science Lab (Book Series)

• The Science of Ice Skating
• The Science of Hockey

Anthologies of 28 Graphs

• The Science of Winter Olympic Sports
• The Science of Figure Skating
• The Science of Ice Hockey

Additional Information

Schottenbauer Publishing

Free Education Resources